Reframe America
  • The National Charter of the United States
  • National Charter (Clean Text)
    • Preamble
    • Article I - The People
      • Article I, Section 1
        • A. Sovereignty
        • B. Accountability and Immunity
        • C. Supremacy of Rights
      • Article I, Section 2
        • A. The People
          • A.1. Personhood
          • A.2. Citizenship
          • A.3. Naturalization
        • B. Rights
          • B.1. Threefold Rights
            • B.1(a). Catgories of Rights
            • B.1(b). Associations and Quasi-Governments
          • B.2. Civil Rights
            • B.2(a). Right to Life
            • B.2(b). Right to Bodily Autonomy
            • B.2(c). Right to Freedom of Movement
            • B.2(d). Right to Protection from Enslavement or Involuntary Servitude
            • B.2(e). Right to Personal Security and Self-Defense
            • B.2(f). Equality of Rights
            • B.2(g). Right to Due Process of Law
            • B.2(h). Right to Habeas Corpus
            • B.2(i). No Bills of Attainder
            • B.2(j). No Ex Post Facto Laws
            • B.2(k). Right to Domestic Sovereignty
            • B.2(l). Right to Privacy and Property
            • B.2(m). Limits on Emergency Arrests, Searches, and Seizures
            • B.2(n). In Rem Jurisdiction
            • B.2(o). Forfeiture Restrictions and Victim Restitution
            • B.2(p). Eminent Domain
            • B.2(q). Use of Biometrics in Law-Enforcement
            • B.2(r). Protection from Self-Incrimination
            • B.2(s). Presumption of Innocence and Non-Liability
            • B.2(t). Indictment by a Grand Jury
            • B.2(u). Right to a Speedy Trial
            • B.2(v). Right to the Final Verdict of a Jury
            • B.2(w). Protection from Double Jeopardy
            • B.2(x). Protection from Excessive Bail and Cruel or Unusual Punishments
            • B.2(y). Wrongful Conviction Review
            • B.2(z). Freedom of Belief
            • B.2(aa). Religious Freedom
            • B.2(ab). Freedom of Speech and Expression
            • B.2(ac). Right of access to the Digital Sphere
            • B.2(ad). Freedom of the Media
            • B.2(ae). Freedom of Association
            • B.2(af). Freedom of Assembly
            • B.2(ag). Freedom to Protest or Petition
            • B.2(ah). Unenumerated Rights
          • B.3. Civic Rights of Citizens
            • B.3(a). Nationality
            • B.3(b). Passport and Return
            • B.3(c). Residency
            • B.3(d). Restoration
        • C. Civic Powers and Duties
          • C.1. Differentiation of Civic Rights and Civic Powers
          • C.2. Enumeration of Civic Powers
            • C.2(a). Hold Federal Office
            • C.2(b). Voting
            • C.2(c). Peaceful Reformation of Government
            • C.2(d). Loss of Civic Powers
          • C.3. Civic Duties
            • C.3(a). Grounds for Excusal from Civic Duty
            • C.3(b). Retaining Civic Powers
            • C.3(c). Protections and Compensation for Civic Duty
      • Article I, Section 3
        • A. Specific and Implied Powers
        • B. Citizen Referenda
          • B.1. Periodic Review
          • B.2. Challenged Review
          • B.3. Retained Sovereignty
    • Article II - The Legislative Branch
      • Article II, Section 1
        • A. General Eligibility
        • B. Term Limits
          • B.1. General Limits
          • B.2. Combined Limit
        • C. Congresses and Timekeeping
          • C.1. Numbered Congresses
          • C.2. Congressional Timekeeping
            • C.2(a). Oath of Office
            • C.2(b). Election of Leadership
            • C.2(c). Legislative Day
        • D. Attendance and Absences
          • D.1. In-Session Workdays
          • D.2. Recess Workdays
        • E. Constituent Engagement
        • F. Official Residences
      • Article II, Section 2
        • A. Code of Ethics and Enforcement
      • Article II, Section 3
        • A. Legislative Support Offices
          • A.1. Legislative Counsel Office
          • A.2. Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
          • A.3. Government Accountability Office (GAO)
          • A.4. Clerk's Office (House of Representatives) and Secretary's Office (Senate)
          • A.5. Parliamentarian's Office
      • Article II, Section 4
        • A. Legislation
          • A.1. General Legislation
          • A.2. Material Interstate Legislation
        • B. Taxation
          • B.1. Congressional Authority
          • B.2. Procedural Requirements
          • B.3. Comprehensive Reform Mandate
          • B.4. Enforcement Mechanism
          • B.5. Definitional Standard
        • C. Appropriations
          • C.1. Balanced Budgets and Deficit Spending
          • C.2. Debt Reduction
        • D. Commerce Power
          • D.1. Definition of Commerce
          • D.2. Limit on Commerce Power
        • E. Institutional Authority
        • F. Judicial Budget Safeguard
        • G. Legislative Oversight
        • H. Emergency Powers
          • H.1. Declaration of Emergency
          • H.2. Modified Quorum and Temporary Delegation
        • I. Declarations of War
          • I.1. Permissible Enemies
          • I.2. Requirements for a Declaration of War
        • J. Foreign Information Warfare
        • K. Selective Service
      • Article II, Section 5
        • A. The House of Representatives
          • A.1. Qualifications and Term
          • A.2. Apportionment
          • A.3. Territorial Representation
          • A.4. Tribal Representation
          • A.5. Elections and Vacancies
            • A.5(a). Electors
            • A.5(b). Declaration of Candidacy
            • A.5(c). Election Procedure
            • A.5(d). Vacancy
          • A.6. Leadership Selection
          • A.7. House Procedures
            • A.7(a). Legislative Procedure
            • A.7(b). Public Access and Accountability
            • A.7(c). Impeachment Procedures
            • A.7(d). Miscellaneous Procedures
      • Article II, Section 6
        • A. The Senate
          • A.1. Qualifications and Term
          • A.2. Allocation, Elections, and Vacancies of Senators
            • A.2(a). Allocation
            • A.2(b). Vacancy
          • A.3. Leadership Selection and Duties
          • A.4. Senate Procedures
            • A.4(a). Legislative Procedure
            • A.4(b). Deliberative Nature of the Senate
            • A.4(c). Requirement to Vote
            • A.4(d). Introduction of Bills, Timeframe for Votes, Transparency
            • A.4(e). Public Access and District Accountability
            • A.4(f). Impeachment Procedures
            • A.4(g). Miscellaneous Provisions
      • Article II, Section 7
        • A. Census Bureau
        • B. Postal Service
    • Article III - The Executive Branch
      • Article III, Section 1
        • A. Election and Qualifications
          • A.1. Terms
          • A.2. Election and Qualifications
            • A.2(a). Election
            • A.2(b). Qualifications
            • A.2(c) Loss of Office by Disqualification
        • B. Vacancies and Succession
        • C. Assumption of Office and Receipt of Commission
      • Article III, Section 2
        • A. Duties and Powers of the President
          • A.1. Commander-in-Chief
          • A.2. Head of State
          • A.3. Power to Appoint
          • A.4. Power to Issue Executive Orders
          • A.5. Veto and Remand
          • A.6. Pardons and Commutations
          • A.7. State of the Union Address
          • A.8. Natural Disasters
          • A.9. Public Health Emergencies
          • A.10. Emergency Economic Powers
          • A.11. Cyber-Security Emergencies
          • A.12. Statutory Powers
        • B. Duties and Powers of the Vice-President
          • B.1. Independence and Inclusion of the Vice-President
          • B.2. Senatorial Tie-Breaker
          • B.3. General Duties
      • Article III, Section 3
      • Article III, Section 4
        • A. Limitations on Power
          • A.1. Severed from Congress
          • A.2. Non-Plenary Executive
          • A.3. Failure of Duty
    • Article IV - The Judicial Branch
      • Article IV, Section 1
        • A. Authority and Function
      • Article IV, Section 2
        • A. Judicial Structure
          • A.1. Other Federal Courts
        • B. Jurisdiction of Courts
          • B.1. District and Circuit Court Citizen Commissions
          • B.2. District Courts
          • B.3. Provincial Appellate Courts
          • B.4. Circuit Courts of Appeal
          • B.5. The Supreme Court
        • C. The Judicial Year
      • Article IV, Section 3
        • A. Judicial Terms
          • A.1. Immigration Judges
          • A.2. District, Provincial, and Circuit Court Judges
          • A.3. Supreme Court Justices
        • B. Qualifications
        • C. Appointment and Confirmation
          • C.1. Term Commencement
          • C.2. Deferral of Duties
          • C.3. Continuation of Confirmation Process
        • D. Vacancies and Partial Terms
          • D.1. Causes of Vacancy
          • D.2. Nomination Procedure
          • D.3. Length of Service After Mid-Term Appointment
            • D.3(a). Supreme Court
            • D.3(b) Circuit, Provincial, District, and Immigration Courts
          • D.4. Temporary Cross-Designation
        • E. Magistrate Judges
        • F. Judicial Pay and Compensation
        • G. Pensions
        • H. Judicial Removal and Discipline
          • H.1. Felony
          • H.2. Mental Incapacity
          • H.3. Standing for Ethical and Professional Complaints
        • I. Oaths of Office
          • I.1. Lower Courts
          • I.2. Supreme Court
      • Article IV, Section 4
        • A. Standing
          • A.1. Personal Standing
          • A.2. Injunctive or Declaratory Relief
          • A.3. Civic Standing
            • A.3(a). Mandatory Preliminary Review
            • A.3(b). Penalty for Abuse
          • A.4. Institutional Standing
          • A.5. Defensive Standing
          • A.6. Jurisdictional Case Bundling
      • Article IV, Section 5
        • A. Interpretation
          • A.1. Interpretational Precedence
          • A.2. Interpretational Rubric
      • Article IV, Section 6
        • A. Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AOUSC)
        • B. Federal Licensing Authority (FLA)
        • C. Judicial Nomination Board (JNB)
        • D. Judicial Enforcement Service (JES)
          • D.1. Leadership and Oversight
            • D.1(a). Director
            • D.1(b) Inspector General
          • D.2. Structure
            • D.2(a). Security Division
            • D.2(b). Detention Division
            • D.2(c). Observation Division
          • D.3. Limitations
      • Article IV, Section 7
        • A. Offenses Requiring Constitutional Definition or Exclusion
          • A.1. Treason
          • A.2. Terrorism Against the United States
          • A.3. Failure to Fulfill a Civic Duty
          • A.4. Failure to Uphold Oath of Office
          • A.5. Sedition
          • A.6. Liability for Autonomous Systems
    • Article V - The States & Federalism
      • Article V, Section 1
      • Article V, Section 2
      • Article V, Section 3
      • Article V, Section 4
        • A. Admission to Statehood
        • B. Secession
      • Article V, Section 5
      • Article V, Section 6
      • Article V, Section 7
      • Article V, Section 8
    • Article VI - Democratic Processes
      • Article VI, Section 1
        • A. Federal Elections
          • A.1. Timing and Access
          • A.2. Staffing
          • A.3. Poll Accessibility
          • A.4. Absentee and Early Voting
          • A.5. Government Burden
          • A.6. Federal Elections
          • A.7. Open Choice
          • A.8. Campaign Season
        • B. Balloting Integrity and Verification Process
        • C. Assisted Voting Guarantee
        • D. Referenda
        • E. Federal Elections Commision (FEC)
          • E.1. Citizenship and Neutrality Requirement
          • E.2. Leadership and Compensation
          • E.3. Duties and Powers
            • E.3(a). Administration of Federal Elections
            • E.3(b) Oversight of Elections
            • E.3(c). Statute Enforcement
            • E.3(d). Legislative Oversight
        • F. Standing to Challenge
          • F.1. General Provisions
          • F.2. Procedure
          • F.3. Relief
          • F.4. Penalties for Frivolous Claims
      • Article VI, Section 2
        • A. Congressional Redistricting
          • A.1. Redistricting Frequency
          • A.2. Commissioner Selection and Screening
          • A.3. Redistricting Standards and Priorities
          • A.4. Commission Transparency
          • A.5. Commission Function and Administration
          • A.6. Mandated Judicial Review
          • A.7. Transparency
      • Article VI, Section 3
      • Article VI, Section 4
        • A. General Transparency Requirement
        • B. Limited Privilege for Confidential Advice
        • C. Sunset Review and Declassification
        • D. Diplomatic Negotiations
        • E. Judicial Review of National Security Classification
      • Article VI, Section 5
        • A. Petitions for Amendments
          • A.1. Petition Qualification
          • A.2. Amendment Ratification
          • A.3. Legal Challenges
      • Article VI, Section 6
        • A. Cessation of Authority
        • B. Interim Military Command
        • C. Civilian Oversight of Executive Departments
        • D. Temporary Duration
        • E. General Compulsion
      • Article VI, Section 7
      • Article VI, Section 8
    • Article VII - Supremacy, Ratification, and Transition
      • Article VII, Section 1
      • Article VII, Section 2
        • A. Ratification
          • A.1. Congressional or Judicial Instransigence
          • A.2. Final Citizen-Led Ratification Vote
          • A.3. Immunity of the People
      • Article VII, Section 3
        • A. Legal Transition and Implementation
          • A.1. General Transition Scheme
          • A.2. Specific Transition Provisions
            • A.2(a). The Executive Branch
            • A.2(b). The Judicial Branch
            • A.2(c). The Legislative Branch
            • A.2(d). General Compensation and Continuity of Government
        • B. Emergency Failovers
          • B.1. Failure to Convene an Appointing Body
          • B.2. Failure to Enact Implementing Statutes
          • B.3. Failure to Organize New Institutions
          • B.4. Provisional in Duration and Effect
  • Glossary of Terms
  • Charter Commentary & Analysis
    • National Charter Commentary & Analysis
    • Preamble
    • Article I
      • Article I, Section 1
        • A. Sovereignty
        • B. Accountability and Immunity
        • C. Supremacy of Rights
      • Article I, Section 2
        • A. The People
          • A.1. Personhood
          • A.2. Citizenship
          • A.3. Naturalization
        • B. Rights
        • C. Civic Powers and Duties
      • Article I, Section 3
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  1. National Charter (Clean Text)
  2. Article II - The Legislative Branch
  3. Article II, Section 6
  4. A. The Senate

A.4. Senate Procedures

A.7(a). Legislative Procedure

A.4(b). Deliberative Nature of the Senate

A.4(c). Requirement to Vote

A.4(d). Introduction of Bills, Timeframe for Votes, Transparency

A.4(e). Public Access and District Accountability

A.4(f). Impeachment Procedures

A.4(g). Miscellaneous Provisions
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