Reframe America
  • The National Charter of the United States
  • National Charter (Clean Text)
    • Preamble
    • Article I - The People
      • Article I, Section 1
        • A. Sovereignty
        • B. Accountability and Immunity
        • C. Supremacy of Rights
      • Article I, Section 2
        • A. The People
          • A.1. Personhood
          • A.2. Citizenship
          • A.3. Naturalization
        • B. Rights
          • B.1. Threefold Rights
            • B.1(a). Catgories of Rights
            • B.1(b). Associations and Quasi-Governments
          • B.2. Civil Rights
            • B.2(a). Right to Life
            • B.2(b). Right to Bodily Autonomy
            • B.2(c). Right to Freedom of Movement
            • B.2(d). Right to Protection from Enslavement or Involuntary Servitude
            • B.2(e). Right to Personal Security and Self-Defense
            • B.2(f). Equality of Rights
            • B.2(g). Right to Due Process of Law
            • B.2(h). Right to Habeas Corpus
            • B.2(i). No Bills of Attainder
            • B.2(j). No Ex Post Facto Laws
            • B.2(k). Right to Domestic Sovereignty
            • B.2(l). Right to Privacy and Property
            • B.2(m). Limits on Emergency Arrests, Searches, and Seizures
            • B.2(n). In Rem Jurisdiction
            • B.2(o). Forfeiture Restrictions and Victim Restitution
            • B.2(p). Eminent Domain
            • B.2(q). Use of Biometrics in Law Enforcement
            • B.2(r). Protection from Self-Incrimination
            • B.2(s). Presumption of Innocence and Non-Liability
            • B.2(t). Indictment by a Grand Jury
            • B.2(u). Right to a Speedy Trial
            • B.2(v). Right to the Final Verdict of a Jury
            • B.2(w). Protection from Double Jeopardy
            • B.2(x). Protection from Excessive Bail and Cruel or Unusual Punishments
            • B.2(y). Wrongful Conviction Review
            • B.2(z). Freedom of Belief
            • B.2(aa). Religious Freedom
            • B.2(ab). Freedom of Speech and Expression
            • B.2(ac). Right of access to the Digital Sphere
            • B.2(ad). Freedom of the Media
            • B.2(ae). Freedom of Association
            • B.2(af). Freedom of Assembly
            • B.2(ag). Freedom to Protest or Petition
            • B.2(ah). Unenumerated Rights
          • B.3. Civic Rights of Citizens
            • B.3(a). Nationality
            • B.3(b). Passport and Return
            • B.3(c). Residency
            • B.3(d). Restoration
        • C. Civic Powers and Duties
          • C.1. Differentiation of Civic Rights and Civic Powers
          • C.2. Enumeration of Civic Powers
            • C.2(a). Hold Federal Office
            • C.2(b). Voting
            • C.2(c). Peaceful Reformation of Government
            • C.2(d). Loss of Civic Powers
          • C.3. Civic Duties
            • C.3(a). Grounds for Excusal from Civic Duty
            • C.3(b). Retaining Civic Powers
            • C.3(c). Protections and Compensation for Civic Duty
      • Article I, Section 3
        • A. Specific and Implied Powers
        • B. Citizen Referenda
          • B.1. Periodic Review
          • B.2. Challenged Review
          • B.3. Retained Sovereignty
    • Article II - The Legislative Branch
      • Article II, Section 1
        • A. General Eligibility
        • B. Term Limits
          • B.1. General Limits
          • B.2. Combined Limit
        • C. Congresses and Timekeeping
          • C.1. Numbered Congresses
          • C.2. Congressional Timekeeping
            • C.2(a). Oath of Office
            • C.2(b). Election of Leadership
            • C.2(c). Legislative Day
        • D. Attendance and Absences
          • D.1. In-Session Workdays
          • D.2. Recess Workdays
        • E. Constituent Engagement
        • F. Official Residences
      • Article II, Section 2
        • A. Code of Ethics and Enforcement
      • Article II, Section 3
        • A. Legislative Support Offices
          • A.1. Legislative Counsel Office
          • A.2. Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
          • A.3. Government Accountability Office (GAO)
          • A.4. Clerk's Office (House of Representatives) and Secretary's Office (Senate)
          • A.5. Parliamentarian's Office
      • Article II, Section 4
        • A. Legislation
          • A.1. General Legislation
          • A.2. Material Interstate Legislation
        • B. Taxation
          • B.1. Congressional Authority
          • B.2. Procedural Requirements
          • B.3. Comprehensive Reform Mandate
          • B.4. Enforcement Mechanism
          • B.5. Definitional Standard
        • C. Appropriations
          • C.1. Balanced Budgets and Deficit Spending
          • C.2. Debt Reduction
        • D. Commerce Power
          • D.1. Definition of Commerce
          • D.2. Limit on Commerce Power
        • E. Institutional Authority
        • F. Judicial Budget Safeguard
        • G. Legislative Oversight
        • H. Emergency Powers
          • H.1. Declaration of Emergency
          • H.2. Modified Quorum and Temporary Delegation
        • I. Declarations of War
          • I.1. Permissible Enemies
          • I.2. Requirements for a Declaration of War
        • J. Foreign Information Warfare
        • K. Selective Service
      • Article II, Section 5
        • A. The House of Representatives
          • A.1. Qualifications and Term
          • A.2. Apportionment
          • A.3. Territorial Representation
          • A.4. Tribal Representation
          • A.5. Elections and Vacancies
            • A.5(a). Electors
            • A.5(b). Declaration of Candidacy
            • A.5(c). Election Procedure
            • A.5(d). Vacancy
          • A.6. Leadership Selection
          • A.7. House Procedures
            • A.7(a). Legislative Procedure
            • A.7(b). Public Access and Accountability
            • A.7(c). Impeachment Procedures
            • A.7(d). Miscellaneous Procedures
      • Article II, Section 6
        • A. The Senate
          • A.1. Qualifications and Term
          • A.2. Allocation, Elections, and Vacancies of Senators
            • A.2(a). Allocation
            • A.2(b). Vacancy
          • A.3. Leadership Selection and Duties
          • A.4. Senate Procedures
            • A.4(a). Legislative Procedure
            • A.4(b). Deliberative Nature of the Senate
            • A.4(c). Requirement to Vote
            • A.4(d). Introduction of Bills, Timeframe for Votes, Transparency
            • A.4(e). Public Access and District Accountability
            • A.4(f). Impeachment Procedures
            • A.4(g). Miscellaneous Provisions
      • Article II, Section 7
        • A. Census Bureau
        • B. Postal Service
    • Article III - The Executive Branch
      • Article III, Section 1
        • A. Election and Qualifications
          • A.1. Terms
          • A.2. Election and Qualifications
            • A.2(a). Election
            • A.2(b). Qualifications
            • A.2(c) Loss of Office by Disqualification
        • B. Vacancies and Succession
        • C. Assumption of Office and Receipt of Commission
      • Article III, Section 2
        • A. Duties and Powers of the President
          • A.1. Commander-in-Chief
          • A.2. Head of State
          • A.3. Power to Appoint
          • A.4. Power to Issue Executive Orders
          • A.5. Veto and Remand
          • A.6. Pardons and Commutations
          • A.7. State of the Union Address
          • A.8. Natural Disasters
          • A.9. Public Health Emergencies
          • A.10. Emergency Economic Powers
          • A.11. Cyber-Security Emergencies
          • A.12. Statutory Powers
        • B. Duties and Powers of the Vice-President
          • B.1. Independence and Inclusion of the Vice-President
          • B.2. Senatorial Tie-Breaker
          • B.3. General Duties
      • Article III, Section 3
      • Article III, Section 4
        • A. Limitations on Power
          • A.1. Severed from Congress
          • A.2. Non-Plenary Executive
          • A.3. Failure of Duty
    • Article IV - The Judicial Branch
      • Article IV, Section 1
        • A. Authority and Function
      • Article IV, Section 2
        • A. Judicial Structure
          • A.1. Other Federal Courts
        • B. Jurisdiction of Courts
          • B.1. District and Circuit Court Citizen Commissions
          • B.2. District Courts
          • B.3. Provincial Appellate Courts
          • B.4. Circuit Courts of Appeal
          • B.5. The Supreme Court
        • C. The Judicial Year
      • Article IV, Section 3
        • A. Judicial Terms
          • A.1. Immigration Judges
          • A.2. District, Provincial, and Circuit Court Judges
          • A.3. Supreme Court Justices
        • B. Qualifications
        • C. Appointment and Confirmation
          • C.1. Term Commencement
          • C.2. Deferral of Duties
          • C.3. Continuation of Confirmation Process
        • D. Vacancies and Partial Terms
          • D.1. Causes of Vacancy
          • D.2. Nomination Procedure
          • D.3. Length of Service After Mid-Term Appointment
            • D.3(a). Supreme Court
            • D.3(b) Circuit, Provincial, District, and Immigration Courts
          • D.4. Temporary Cross-Designation
        • E. Magistrate Judges
        • F. Judicial Pay and Compensation
        • G. Pensions
        • H. Judicial Removal and Discipline
          • H.1. Felony
          • H.2. Mental Incapacity
          • H.3. Standing for Ethical and Professional Complaints
        • I. Oaths of Office
          • I.1. Lower Courts
          • I.2. Supreme Court
      • Article IV, Section 4
        • A. Standing
          • A.1. Personal Standing
          • A.2. Injunctive or Declaratory Relief
          • A.3. Civic Standing
            • A.3(a). Mandatory Preliminary Review
            • A.3(b). Penalty for Abuse
          • A.4. Institutional Standing
          • A.5. Defensive Standing
          • A.6. Jurisdictional Case Bundling
      • Article IV, Section 5
        • A. Interpretation
          • A.1. Interpretational Precedence
          • A.2. Interpretational Rubric
      • Article IV, Section 6
        • A. Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AOUSC)
        • B. Federal Licensing Authority (FLA)
        • C. Judicial Nomination Board (JNB)
        • D. Judicial Enforcement Service (JES)
          • D.1. Leadership and Oversight
            • D.1(a). Director
            • D.1(b) Inspector General
          • D.2. Structure
            • D.2(a). Security Division
            • D.2(b). Detention Division
            • D.2(c). Observation Division
          • D.3. Limitations
      • Article IV, Section 7
        • A. Offenses Requiring Constitutional Definition or Exclusion
          • A.1. Treason
          • A.2. Terrorism Against the United States
          • A.3. Failure to Fulfill a Civic Duty
          • A.4. Failure to Uphold Oath of Office
          • A.5. Sedition
          • A.6. Liability for Autonomous Systems
    • Article V - The States & Federalism
      • Article V, Section 1
      • Article V, Section 2
      • Article V, Section 3
      • Article V, Section 4
        • A. Admission to Statehood
        • B. Secession
      • Article V, Section 5
      • Article V, Section 6
      • Article V, Section 7
      • Article V, Section 8
    • Article VI - Democratic Processes
      • Article VI, Section 1
        • A. Federal Elections
          • A.1. Timing and Access
          • A.2. Staffing
          • A.3. Poll Accessibility
          • A.4. Absentee and Early Voting
          • A.5. Government Burden
          • A.6. Federal Elections
          • A.7. Open Choice
          • A.8. Campaign Season
        • B. Balloting Integrity and Verification Process
        • C. Assisted Voting Guarantee
        • D. Referenda
        • E. Federal Elections Commision (FEC)
          • E.1. Citizenship and Neutrality Requirement
          • E.2. Leadership and Compensation
          • E.3. Duties and Powers
            • E.3(a). Administration of Federal Elections
            • E.3(b) Oversight of Elections
            • E.3(c). Statute Enforcement
            • E.3(d). Legislative Oversight
        • F. Standing to Challenge
          • F.1. General Provisions
          • F.2. Procedure
          • F.3. Relief
          • F.4. Penalties for Frivolous Claims
      • Article VI, Section 2
        • A. Congressional Redistricting
          • A.1. Redistricting Frequency
          • A.2. Commissioner Selection and Screening
          • A.3. Redistricting Standards and Priorities
          • A.4. Commission Transparency
          • A.5. Commission Function and Administration
          • A.6. Mandated Judicial Review
          • A.7. Transparency
      • Article VI, Section 3
      • Article VI, Section 4
        • A. General Transparency Requirement
        • B. Limited Privilege for Confidential Advice
        • C. Sunset Review and Declassification
        • D. Diplomatic Negotiations
        • E. Judicial Review of National Security Classification
      • Article VI, Section 5
        • A. Petitions for Amendments
          • A.1. Petition Qualification
          • A.2. Amendment Ratification
          • A.3. Legal Challenges
      • Article VI, Section 6
        • A. Cessation of Authority
        • B. Interim Military Command
        • C. Civilian Oversight of Executive Departments
        • D. Temporary Duration
        • E. General Compulsion
      • Article VI, Section 7
      • Article VI, Section 8
    • Article VII - Supremacy, Ratification, and Transition
      • Article VII, Section 1
      • Article VII, Section 2
        • A. Ratification
          • A.1. Congressional or Judicial Instransigence
          • A.2. Final Citizen-Led Ratification Vote
          • A.3. Immunity of the People
      • Article VII, Section 3
        • A. Legal Transition and Implementation
          • A.1. General Transition Scheme
          • A.2. Specific Transition Provisions
            • A.2(a). The Executive Branch
            • A.2(b). The Judicial Branch
            • A.2(c). The Legislative Branch
            • A.2(d). General Compensation and Continuity of Government
        • B. Emergency Failovers
          • B.1. Failure to Convene an Appointing Body
          • B.2. Failure to Enact Implementing Statutes
          • B.3. Failure to Organize New Institutions
          • B.4. Provisional in Duration and Effect
  • Glossary of Terms
  • Charter Commentary & Analysis
    • Foreward
    • National Charter Commentary & Analysis
    • Preamble
    • Article I
      • Article I, Section 1
        • A. Sovereignty
        • B. Accountability and Immunity
        • C. Supremacy of Rights
      • Article I, Section 2
        • A. The People
          • A.1. Personhood
          • A.2. Citizenship
          • A.3. Naturalization
        • B. Rights
          • B.1. Threefold Rights
            • B.1(a). Categories of Rights
            • B.1(b). Associations & Quasi-Governments
          • B.2. Civil Rights
            • B.2(a). Right to Life
            • B.2(b). Right to Bodily Autonomy
            • B.2(c). Freedom of Movement
            • B.2(d). Protection from Enslavement or Involuntary Servitude
            • e. Personal Security and Self-Defense
            • f. Equality of Rights
            • g. Due Process
            • h. Habeas Corpus
            • i. No Bills of Attainder
            • j. No Ex Post Facto Laws
            • k. Right to Domestic Sovereignty
            • l. Right to Privacy and Property
            • m. Emergency Action
            • n. In Rem Jurisdiction
            • o. Forfeiture Restrictions and Victim Restitution
            • p. Eminent Domain
            • q. Use of Biometrics in Law Enforcement
            • r. Protection from Self-Incrimination
            • s. Presumption of Innocence and Non-Liability
            • t. Indictment by a Grand Jury
            • u. Right to a Speedy Trial
            • v. Right to the Final Verdict of a Jury
            • w. Protection from Double Jeopardy
            • x. Protection from Excessive Bail and Cruel or Unusual Punishments
            • y. Wrongful Conviction Review
            • z. Freedom of Belief
            • aa. Religious Freedom
            • ab. Freedom of Speech and Expression
            • ac. Right of Access to the Digital Sphere
            • ad. Freedom of the Media
            • ae. Freedom of Association
            • af. Freedom of Assembly
            • ag. Freedom to Protest or Petition
            • ah. Unenumerated Rights
          • B.3. Civic Rights of Citizens
        • C. Civic Powers and Duties
      • Article I, Section 3
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  1. National Charter (Clean Text)
  2. Article II - The Legislative Branch

Article II, Section 3

A. Legislative Support Offices
PreviousA. Code of Ethics and EnforcementNextA. Legislative Support Offices

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