B.1(b). Associations and Quasi-Governments

Individual Persons possess Civil Rights. Individual Citizens possess Civil Rights, Civic Rights, and Civic Powers. Associations—whether corporations, unions, nonprofits, churches, PACs, or any other collective entity—possess none of these Rights or Powers in their own name, though the individuals who make up their membership retain all Rights and Powers they hold as Persons or Citizens.

Any association that is capable of materially controlling employment, housing, credit, communications, transportation, data, or any essential market access is deemed quasi‑governmental. A quasi‑governmental association must comply with every constitutional limit that binds Government itself.

Any single member, shareholder, or employee of an association has standing to sue or defend on that association’s behalf, though employees will require the authorization of their employer to do so.